Cotransport of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and formaldehyde in saturated and unsaturated columns packed with quartz sand

Laboratory-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the simultaneous transport of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and formaldehyde (FA) in columns packed with quartz sand under water saturated unsaturated flow conditions. The effects interstitial velocity solution ionic strength on TiO2 FA cotransport examined. experimental results indicated that substantial retention occurs both porous media. was found have a noticeable effect columns. Moreover, from nanoparticle water-saturated suggested mass recoveries increased increasing rate. did not reveal distinct relationship between hindered presence nanoparticles, especially at high strength. This work provides useful insights into fate